wtorek, 29 listopada 2011

Thessalia - Rycerze i hoplici część II / Thessaly - Knights and hoplites part II


Thessalian Light Cavalry. Painted by Rafał Kondratowicz.

The first known organization of Thessalian army is the army created by Aleuas “The Red”- the progenitor of Aleuadae tribe - within his state reform.
The organization was of a typical feudal system, where the territory was divided onto so – called parcels, kleros, which were owned by most powerful families. The whole Thessaly is estimated to have been divided into 128,150 or even 160 parcels. Each family was obliged to raise a contingent of 40 riders (hippeis) and 80 hoplites from each kleros to fight in the common army in times of war. Such an army could have consisted of 6.000 Cavalry (Hippeis) and about 10.000 – 12.000 Hoplites and a numerous Light Infantry. Such a number of cavalry was the most numerous and unheard-of military force in ancient Greece. The head of the army was Commander in Chief, tagos. It was his exclusive right to summon the army and command it during the war. 
Credibility of this information is contained in existing parts of “Thettalon politea”, which is supposed to have been written by Aristotle, is unfortunately doubtful. Some historians place these reforms in IV century BC in the times of Jason of Pherae.   

Hippeis, in other words knights, constituted  that part of Thessalian society that corresponded with the part of hoplites in other Greek cities. Contrary to other poleis, where only young aristocrats, or very wealthy people were taught how to ride a horse (the cost of the animal and its maintenance was very high), in Thessaly the majority of citizens used to possess the skill due to great amount of  grass-lands and farms.
Formation of Thessalian cavalry was close to Macedonian and Thracian formations. A wedge was typically Macedonian while the Thessalian’s characteristic was a rhomboidal formation. Quite a lot of information you may find in works of Aelian and Asclepiodotus. Aelian, in his “Tactics”, described the rhomboidal formation in such a way:

“The Tessalians, who were powerful in cavalry, seem first to have thrown their horse into the shape of a rhomb, (the original invention is attributed to Jason,) as best adopted to meet all emergencies; because horse so drawn up are ready to face in every direction with the utmost celerity, and are least liable to be attacked on the flanks or in the rear: for the best men are placed on the outside of the rhomb, and the officers in the angles; the commander of the troop in the leading angle; the flank-covers in the right and left angle, and fourth officer in the rear angle.”  
The tactic of Aelian, comprising the military system of the Grecians London 1814 p.80

Thessalian Cavalry in Classical Greece. Painted by Rafał Kondratowicz.
               Pierwszą znaną nam organizacją armii Tessalskiej jest armia stworzona w ramach reformy państwa przez Aleuasa Czerwonego  protoplastę rodu Auleadów.
Organizacja ta miała typowy charakter feudalny gdzie ziemia była podzielona na tzw. działki kleros, które były w posiadaniu najpotężniejszych rodów. Przyjmuje się, że cała Tessalia mogła być podzielona na 128, 150 a nawet 160 działek. W trakcie wojny każdy ród zobowiązany był wystawić z każdej posiadanej kleros kontyngent 40 jezdnych (Hippeis) i 80 hoplitów do wspólnej armii. Tak zorganizowana armia mogła zmobilizować do walki 6.000 jezdnych i około 10.000 – 12.000 hoplitów oraz licznej lekkiej piechoty. Taka liczba kawalerii była największą i niespotykaną siłą wojskową w starożytnej Grecji. Na czele armii stał tagos, czyli naczelny dowódca. Tylko on miał prawo zwoływać armię i dowodzić nią w czasie wojny.
Wiarygodność tego przekazu zawartego w zachowanych urywkach dzieła „Thettalon politea” i przypisywanego Arystotelesowi jest niestety wątpliwa. Część historyków umiejscawia te reformy w IV w pne za czasów Jasona z Feraj.

Hippeis, inaczej rycerze, stanowili główny człon społeczeństwa Tessalii, odpowiadajacy warstwie hoplitów w innych miastach greckich. W przeciwieństwie do innych poleis, gdzie konno uczyli się jeździć tylko młodzi arystokraci bądź ludzie najbardziej zamożni (koszt zakupu i utrzymania zwierzęcia był bardzo wysoki), w Tessalii gdzie pastwisk i terenów pod uprawę nie brakowało, umiejętność konnej jazdy posiadała większość obywateli. Formacja kawalerii Tessalskiej była zbliżona do formacji jazdy Macedońskiej i Trackiej. O ile Macedończycy stosowali klin dla Tessalów charakterystyczna była formacja romboidaln. Dosyć dużo informacji na temat tej formacji znajduje się w dziełach Aeliana i Asklepiodotusa. Aelian tak pisał o formacji romboidalnej w swojej Taktyce:

„Tessalowie, którzy posiadali silną kawalerię wydaję się być pierwszymi, którzy ustawiali swoje konie w szyk o kształcie rombu (ten wynalazek przypisywany jest Jazonowi), jako najlepiej przystosowany na spotkanie z wszelkimi zagrożeniami, gdyż tak uszykowane konie są gotowe do szybkiego ustawienia się przodem w każdym kierunku, co zmniejsza szanse na atak z boku lub z tyły: najlepsi jeźdźcy umieszczani są na zewnątrz formacji rombu, a oficerowie w poszczególnych rogach (kątach) formacji; dowódca oddziału w przednim rogu; dwóch w bocznych rogach prawym i lewym i czwarty oficer w tylnim rogu.”
The tactic of Aelian, comprising the military system of the Grecians London 1814 p.80

Ila cavalry in rhomboid formation.
Spreading of rhomboidal formation in Thessaly is related with Jason of Pherae. Another innovation put into practice about 370 BC by Jason was standard equipping the cavalry in the same armor, hemithorakion. While fighting, the soldiers were using kamax, about six feet – long spear. In IV century BC, the majority of the cavalry was equipped with helmet of Beotian or Macedonian type.

The basic advantage of such a formation was its great manageability. It was possible thanks to two facts; firstly, all the riders were able to see what their commander was doing in front of the formation; secondly, it was very hard to disorganize such a formation.
The additional advantage was the stronger ability to break enemies’ formation. This tactics required high skill level from a cavalryman. Four squadrons, ile, per 40 riders constituted a  regiment. The size of a Thessalian ile could be varied.

Those who throw The cavalry into the form of a rhomb, draw them up in such a manner, that, in some instances, they preserve both file and rank, in other neither rank not file; in others they have files but not ranks, and in others they form ranks but not files.

Those who choose to preserve in a rhomb both file and rank, form the longest rank, (which, obviously, is the middle rank of the troop,) of an odd number, as eleven, or thirteen, or fifteen. To this are joined the ranks in the direction of front and rear, each having two men less than the rank next to it; so that if the longest rank be composed of fifteen men, the next rank have thirteen, and the next to those eleven, till they come to one; and the whole troops in this case will consist of one hundred and thirteen men.
The tactic of Aelian, comprising the military system of the Grecians London 1814 p.87

In times of Alexander the Great a regiment of Thessalian cavalry consisted of 200 riders. One whole “telos”, i.e. two brigades times four regiments (one of them was elite one from Farsalos which size was doubled), was composed of 1.800 men.

Regiment cavalry in rhomboid formation.
              Upowszechnienie szyku romboidalnego w Tessalii wiąże się z osobą Jazona z Feraj. Inną innowacją wprowadzoną przez Jazona ok. 370 roku p.n.e. było standardowe uzbrojenie kawalerii w jednakowy pancerz hemithorakion. Podczas walki używali włóczni długości około sześciu stop nazywanej kamax. W IV w. p.n.e. większość jazdy w boju stosowała hełmy typu beockiego i macedońskiego.

Podstawową zaletą tej formacji była ogromna zwrotność. uzyskana dzięki temu, że wszyscy jeźdźcy widzieli dokładnie, co robi dowódca jadący na czele oraz to, że trudniej taki szyk było zdezorganizować. Oprócz większej zwrotności, oddział zwiększał swoją zdolność przełamywania szyków. Wymagał również od kawalerzysty wysokiego poziomu wyszkolenia. Cztery szwadrony, czyli ile po 40 jezdnych tworzyły regiment. Wielkość ile Tessalskiej mogła być różna.


„Ci, którzy używają kawalerii w formie rombu, ustawiają ją w taki sposób, że w niektórych przypadkach, zachowują zarówno kolumny i szeregi, w innych ani kolumny ani szeregu, w innych mają kolumny, ale nie zachowują kolumn, a w jeszcze innych tworzą szeregi, ale nie zachowują kolumn.

Ci, którzy zdecydują się zachować w szyku rombu zarówno kolumny, jak i szeregi tworzą najdłuższy szereg, (który oczywiście jest środkowym szeregiem oddziału), z nieparzystej liczby osób, jedenastu, trzynastu czy piętnastu. Do tego dołączone są kolejne szeregi z dwóch kierunków przodu i tyłu, każdy składający się z dwóch mężczyzn mniej niż szereg poprzedni, tak, że jeśli najdłuższy szereg składa się z piętnastu osób, następny szereg ma trzynastu, i następny jedenastu, aż dojdzie do jednego, i cały oddział w tym przypadku będzie się składał z sto trzynastu jezdnych.
The tactic of Aelian, comprising the military system of the Grecians London 1814 p.87

Za czasów Aleksandra Wielkiego regiment kawalerii tessalskiej liczył 200 jezdnych. Na wyprawę do Persji wyruszyła jedna cała telos tj. dwie brygady po 4 regimenty (w tym jeden elitarny z Farsalos o podwojonej wielkości) w łącznej liczbie 1800 jazdy. 

Regiment cavalry in line formation.


sobota, 12 listopada 2011

Thracian art of war in Greece Classical period. Sztuka wojenna Traków w okresie klasycznym



“There are Thracians, fresh troops,
New arrivals, furthest distant from the rest,
Among them their king Rhesus, son of Eioneus.
His horses are the best, the finest and largest ones
I’ve ever seen, whiter than snow, as fast as the winds.
His chariot is finely built—with gold and silver.
He came here with his armour—an
amazing sight—huge and made of gold.”
Homer The Iliad X, 434 translation by  Ian Johnston



Thracian History, as well as history of European civilization, has its beginning in Homer’s compositions irrespective of the existence of Homer himself. Herodotus locates Homer at about 850 BC, so it would imply that the story itself is several centuries older, and was handed down aurally by generations of bards. The most interesting for our story is the fact that Homer mentioned Thracians, who amazingly supported Troy. Thracian king, Rheseus, appeared himself in Troy, where was killed by Odysseus.


“Now the Thracian race is the most numerous, except the Indians, in all the world: and if it should come to be ruled over by one man, or to agree together in one, it would be irresistible in fight and the strongest by far of all nations, in my opinion.”
The History of Herodotus V. 75. 3, parallel English/Greek, tr. G. C. Macaulay, 1890

These are words of Herodotus about 40 tribes called Thracians who were inhabiting a part of south-eastern Europe and a part of Asia Minor. The most famous Thracian tribes were: Getae, Bithyni, Odrysians, Moesi, Dii, Thyni and Trybali. The first great Thracian kingdom was established on Odrysian land in V century BC. For a short time it enveloped almost all Balkan land inhabited by different tribes. In 429 BC Thracian king Sitalces and his 150 000 army invaded Macedonia. The number should not be doubtful, because the population inhabiting the aforementioned area at that time is now estimated to be about one million people.


The Athenians, who were to assist Thracians, became frightened of the increase of Thracian power and did not give their support in the invasion. Thucidides in his History of Peloponnesian War mentioned this, and it must be admitted, he was well-informed.
Thucidides was forced to leave Athens, so he decided to settle down near Odrysian kingdom, where he had his inheritance (quite a substantial estate with gold mines). Greek, and especially Athenian, relations with Thracians were not solitary cases in history. Both cultures were under the mutual influence throughout centuries. “Ekdromoi” representing light armed hoplites were the effect of intermingling arts of war. Reference to them comes from before Peloponnesian War.
 
Thanks to their skills Thracians were famous as brave mercenaries. They were engaged in almost every serious military venture in antiquity. Thracians were present on Sicilia with Athenians, backed up Young Cyrrus at the battle of Cunaxa, they also were with Alexander the Great during his Persian and India campaign. Successors also had Thracians in their armies. Macedonian king Perseus and king of Pontus Mithriades VI were supported by the brave warriors in their wars with the Romans.
Thracians were also very efficient in defending their own boundaries. They were always very eager to revolt, masters of ambush and night attacks. Lysimachus, who was Alexander the Great’s heir to Thracian lands, was never able to fully subjugate that courageous nation.
It was only in 45 AD when Thracians were defeated by Romans after several bloody revolts.

Thracian warfare was based on light armoured troops: infantry and cavalry.
Heavy Cavalry. This unit consisted of members of wealthy families. Xenophon in Anabasis described Odrysian cavalry as equipped with armor, spears and swords following the example of Greeks. Odrysian king Seuthes II had about 400 such warriors. Cavalry was fighting in wedge formation which was taken from Scythians. This same wedge formation was later effectively used by Macedonians.

Light Cavlry. Thracians dwelling north Danube lands modeled their armor and way of fighting using light cavalry after Scythians. The rest if tribes were armed with spears, swords and light braided shields. They probably were the first to use shield in combat on horseback.

Light cavalry often used shield to protected against rear attacks.

Peltast. A term describing light infantry deriving from Thracian word “pelte”, meaning light, round or leaf-shaped shield made of braided wire or wood, covered with light leather.

It is how Herodotus describe them in the middlr of V century BC.

The Thracians served having fox-skins upon their heads and tunics about their body, with loose mantles of various colours thrown round over them; and about their feet and lower part of the leg they wore boots of deer-skin; and besides this they had javelins and round bucklers and small daggers.
The History of Herodotus VII. 75, parallel English/Greek, tr. G. C. Macaulay

Peltast and light foot in action.
These straight and short daggers called „akinaes” were very popular among northern tribes, who supplemented their art of war with Scythian armor. “Akinaes” was their secondary weapon. The primary weapon were of course javelins or long spears. There were however deviations from that rule. Tucidides, while mentioning Sitalces’s campaign against Macedonia, described particular Thracian tribes differing in armor from each other. For example mountain Thracians tribe, Dii, was always described by him as armed with swords called “machairophoroi”.
 
Archers. They adopted their art of war from Scythians and at the battle of Pydna they were mixed with Cretenian archers due to their high skills.

Slingers. This formation considered of sheperds from Thracian mountain regions. The slingers were still used in battles in Hellenistic period and later.

Javelimen. This light foot constitued a substantial part of Thracian army. They were equipped with shields and short daggers. Javelinmen were fighting with shorter spears then these of peltasts, but they were often assisted by them.

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